VIA rail (the canadian passenger rail service) runs a route from Edmonton to Vancouver, B.C., but I'm not sure about any other route. In addition, Rocky Mountaineer Railtours offers tours through the Rocky Mountains from Calgary, Edmonton, Banff and Jasper through to Vancouver.
It is possible to get to pretty much anyplace in Alberta via Greyhound Bus Lines, and there also exists RedArrow Bus Lines, a more luxurious bus than Greyhound, but more limited in possible destinations. There are a number of Bus tour companies operating in Alberta, including Grey Lines, and I'll get contact information for a least some of them as soon as I remember to look.
There are two major highways through Alberta. Running East-West is the Trans-Canada highway (Highway number 1), which hits Calgary on it's way to Banff and British Columbia. Running North-South is Highway 2, which basically runs from Calgary to Edmonton. Note that speed limits are listed in kilometers per hour (just to mess up you Americans) and that most highways outside of the national parks have limits of 100 km/s (roughly 60 mph), but that highway 2 has a limit of 110 km/h (65 mph), as does much of highway 1.
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